If humans are programming algorithms, does that mean human biases won’t affect the algorithm? What about an unconscious bias that we are not aware of ourselves, can we ensure we won’t influence the algorithm if we are not aware of our own bias? From another perspective, if we are using big data and algorithms to identify things deemed important in education, for instance, the potential failure of a student, what steps do we need to take, if any, to ensure that the data doesn’t negatively influence the student or bias those receiving the data? The example in this week’s reading is the “Course Signals” system by Purdue University, one of the earliest and most-cited learning analytics systems.
Using an algorithm to mine data collected from a VLE, the purpose of signals is identify students at risk of academic failure in a specific course. It does this by identifying three main outcome types – a student who is at a high risk, moderate risk, and not at risk of failing the course. These three outcomes are then represented as traffic light (red, orange, and green respectively). The traffic lights serve to provide an early warning “signal” to both instructor and student (Gašević, D., Dawson, S. & Siemens, G., 2014). Few could argue that this is not a noble gesture, the opportunity to intervene before a student fails and potentially change their path is every educator’s dream, however, with only data and algorithms to make these decisions we run a very real risk of this knowledge adversely influencing the student. What of the student who for one reason or another is not of a frame of mind sufficient enough to be told they must work harder, might being told they are at risk of failing the course nudge them in an unwanted direction, potentially one where the student gives up instead of being influenced to try harder? In this instance, surely human intervention to make the decision of whether or not students see data about themselves is essential? Are the choices to use technology in this instance for the benefit of the student? Is it a case of the “warm human and institutional choices that lie behind these cold mechanisms” (Gillespie, 2012) where good intentions are at the heart of the introduction of the technology but the cold heart of administration and economies of business are the driving force behind its use?
However, the decision to withhold information also comes with its pitfalls in relation to bias, could, for example, the knowledge that a student behaves in a particular way, is weak in particular areas or stronger in others influence how their teacher interacts with them? Would a teacher have different expectations of one new student over another if they had prior knowledge to show that students strengths and weaknesses? This may not be solely about big data and algorithms, as this type of information can be known on a much smaller scale however if we take it up a notch and say a student’s behaviour is on record and shows that the student is prone to anger, outbursts and potentially violence. If we choose not to share that information so as to not unduly bias the interaction with that student, would the person making the decision to withhold that information then be responsible if that student attacked a teacher or another student and we potentially had knowledge which could have prevented this?
References
Sclater, N., Peasgood, A., Mullan, J., 2016. Learning Analytics in Higher Education, JISC. Available at: https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/learning-analytics-in-he-v3.pdf.
Gašević, D., Dawson, S. & Siemens, G., 2014. Let’s not forget: Learning analytics are about learning. TechTrends, 59(1), pp.64–71. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11528-014-0822-x [Accessed December 7, 2016].
Gillespie, T., Gillespie, T. & Boczkowski, P., 2014. The relevance of algorithms. technologies: Essays on …. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=zeK2AgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA167&dq=Relevance+Algorithms+Gillespie&ots=GmoJNXY0we&sig=BwtHhKix2ITFbvDg5jrbdZ8zLWA.
The algorithm automatically pulls in short clips from video-sharing sites like YouTube when you hit play on Shaking Chains’ Midnight Oil. The short bits of footage are shown back to back with the band’s track playing over the top.
